Observation of chemical change LabPaq free essay sample

Certain Chemicals like Bromthymol blue and Phenolphthalein can be added to other chemicals to determine acidity or basicity. Other reactions can be observed as well when different chemicals are added to each other. Procedure This experiment involved placing drops of specified chemicals into a well on a 96 ­well plate. Each well number was recorded along with question number and name of chemicals involved. Two drops of a chemical were placed in a well along with two drops of another chemical. Chemical reactions and color changes were recorded in Data Table 1. Observations During the experiments a few problems were encountered. One of the chemicals provided differed slightly from chemical description in the lab manual. We will write a custom essay sample on Observation of chemical change LabPaq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lab manual called for the chemical NH3 which is Ammonia. The chemical provided was an Aqueous Ammonia solution of NH4OH. When holding up the solution of AgNO3 and NH4OH to a light source for 5 minutes it was observed that no reactions took place despite the information contained in the lab manual. Also while testing the household chemical Brite, It was observed that the Bromthymol Blue changed to a green color that was not observed in any other test involving BTB. Questions A. Suppose a household product label says it contains sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate). How would you test this material for the presence of sodium bicarbonate? To test for the presence of sodium bicarbonate you could collect a sample of the household product and add HCl to it and see if you observe any CO2 bubbles. B. You know what color phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue turn when testing an acid or a base. Use the empty pipet in the Auxiliary Supplies Bag to test several (at least 3) household items including household cleaning products with bromothymol blue. Rinse the pipet well before using it on the next household chemical. When finished with this experiment rinse the pipet well and return it to the Auxiliary Bag for use in future experiments. Name the items tested and record their results. What do these results mean? Refer to the last 3 rows of Data Table 1 for results and observations of the household chemicals. C. You found a sample of a solution that has a faint odor resembling vinegar. You are verifying that it is indeed vinegar and you add a few drops of phenolphthalein. The sample turns pink. What assumption can you make about this sample? You can assume that the solution is not vinegar because vinegar is an acid and phenolphthalein only turns a basic solutions pink. D. You decided to investigate if the new wave of Vitamin Water is pH neutral: neither too acidic nor too basic. Using BTB (bromothymol blue), you select five flavors of Vitamin Water to test. Three of the flavor ­samples turn a murky green, indicating the likelihood of acid/base balance. Of the two remaining, one turns slightly yellow, while one remains b lue. What can you assume about the acid/base content of these particular flavors of Vitamin Water? You can assume that the vitamin water that stayed blue has a more basic content while the vitamin water that turned slightly yellow has a more acidic content then the three vitamin waters that turned murky green. E. You have read that a new brand of hair tonic is supposed to contain lead (an ingredient in Grecian Formula). Devise a simple test to confirm the presence or absence of lead in that hair tonic. A simple experiment to test for the presence or absence of lead would involve adding potassium iodide to a sample of the hair tonic. If you observe a yellow and chalky looking precipitate when you add the Kl there is most likely lead in the hair tonic. Data Table  ­ 1 Well # / Question Chemicals Reaction # A ­1 A NaHCO3 and HCl  ­ CO2 Small amount of CO2 bubbles formed but no color change # A ­3 B HCl and BTB Turned Light orange orange color # A ­5 C NH4OH and BTB Blue color showing that acids will be orange and bases will be blue when using BTB # A ­7 D HCl and Blue Dye Color changed to green # A ­9 E Blue Dye and NaOCl No reaction, The color stayed blue until HCl was added then changed to blue green color

The Oddyssey essays

The Oddyssey essays In Homers Odyssey, Odysseus leads his men on the difficult journey back to Ithaca. The journey tests Odysseuss leadership abilities. Odysseus is often distracted and fails to protect his men. On other occasions, Odysseuss men would die if it were not for him. In The Odyssey, Odysseus has strengths and weaknesses in his leadership ability. On some occasions, Odysseus uses his crafty mid to overcome obstacles. When Odysseus and his men encounter the Cyclops, the Cyclops eats Odysseus men. However, Odysseus is still able to outsmart the Cyclops and save his men. He tells the Cyclops his name is Nobody so the other Cyclopes wont come to help him, he gets the Cyclops drunk, pokes out his eye, and escapes with his men underneath the sheep. Another time Odysseus shows his cleverness is when he doesnt enter the Laestrygonians harbor with his ship. The other ships enter the harbor and get pelted with huge boulders. Although Odysseus is smart, sometimes he has too much confidence when dealing with anything he may encounter, and as a result he puts his men in unnecessary danger. One example is when Odysseus insists on going into the Cyclops cave and eating his food. Although he doesnt know about the Cyclops and his ways, he shouldnt have relied on the common law of hospitality that he and his men would be welcome there. Another example is when Odysseus wastes time putting on his armor when he sails past Scylla, although he was instructed not to. Odysseus sometimes tries hard to protect his men. On Hyperions island, Odysseus knowingly warns his men not to slaughter the Sun Gods cattle. He does his best to stop his men, but the gods make him fall asleep, and his men disobey Odysseus. However, other times Odysseus does not keep his men out of danger. This can be seen in the incident with the Laestrygonians. All of the ships enter the harbor, but at the last minute O...

Crime and The American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime and The American Dream - Essay Example The American has adopted a capitalistic society that leads to lack of social control and deviant behaviour. The American Dream refers to broad cultural ethos that has a goal of success open to competition. Americans are socialized to believe that they can achieve it regardless of nay obstacles, since it is a free country of equal opportunities (Messner, & Rosenfeld, 2012). This Dream has a distorted the values of Americans where they focus on monetary success and disregard happiness with commitment to acquire material gains. This has created a culture of prioritizing material gain using illegitimate methods to gain success that results in anomic imbalance in the society (Maume, & Lee, 2003). The Anomies means disintegration of social controls that produce high likelihoods of deviant behaviour that leads to the breakdown of morals in the society. America has a set of norms and values that distinguish its culture from others which explains the foundation of Americans are resistance to social control and hence culpable to criminal temptation, This means that norms and values that are supposed to mould the cultural and social stamina in America is the main motivator of high rates of criminal behaviour, and the values are individualism, achievement, orientation and materialism. The American society looks at its social worth by what it accomplishes since it is the primary objective. The methods used to get to such a point are disregarded since the focus is the end goal. In the pursuit of success, this means that one must also achieve their own success thus creating competition in the society rather than moulding collaboration. This demotivates use of legal means especially to those with limited resources (Agnew, 1992). These values mould the minds of Americans in such a way to legitimize harmful means of achieving success, and this creates an obsession with crime. The Anomie theory integrates the concepts why American Dream leads

Sexual development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual development - Essay Example Teen pregnancy is associated with the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, low-birth weight children, and in addition also affects the studies and subsequent career of teenagers. Abstinence from sex has been a very popular and widely recommended method with nearly 90% of parents in support of such programs (Teen Pregnancy Statistics; Rector and Johnson). Studies have shown that abstinence from sex has resulted in a lesser rate of school drop-outs and increased graduation rates from college. This has been attributed to increased impulse control and focus exhibited by the teenagers on their future life by acting in a planned manner and controlling their emotions and sexual desires. In addition such teenagers also posses delay of gratification by which they are able to set aside immediate pleasures in order for them to work for the future and earn better rewards. They also develop the ability to resist peer pressure in matters concerning sexual activity and become more focused on thei r academic and personal development. They are also able to exhibit better frustration tolerance and also program their adolescent minds to concentrate on the better opportunities in life rather than arousing sexual fantasies.

Wine production and tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wine production and tourism - Essay Example This study makes an attempt of a context and critical review of the study â€Å"Wine Production and Tourism: Adding Service to a Perfect Partnership†. The study focused in Western Australia and used a modified SERVQUAL methodology.The findings of the study are three folds. The study first of all found out that, Operators are on balance, performing on the most important product and service attributes based on a sample of 353 visitors to two wineries. Secondly, the researchers stressed the importance of the cellar-door concept and corresponding service levels to the future success of wine-tourism operations. The study further found out that, success depends not only on the quality of the wine being offered but also on the way it is offered for sale within the cellar-door environment the by emphasizing the concept of service delivery and augmentation.From the findings, the cellar-door concept now means that the quality of service received during a visit is as likely as the wine i tself to drive future wine sales. However, the study in itself failed to explain the complexity of factors that led visitors to place such high importance on this attribute.Of Late, wine tourism has not only proven as a growing area of special-interest through out the world but has attracted the attention of researchers. According to the researchers Palmer & Neil (2004), the sector has been largely applauded for its wide range of benefits, including foreign-exchange earnings, the creation of full- and part time jobs, the generation of secondary economic activity and the ability to generate substantial long-term wealth and sustain steady tourism growth for these regions. The work of Palmer & Neil (2004), attempts to bridge the knowledge gap by adding to the existing literature. 2.0 Problem Statement and Research Questions In the study, Palmer & Neil (2004) argued that, the fact that wine tourism is confronted by a range of critical development issues that have the potential to interfere with its sustainability and long-term profitability. Visitors' perceptions of the service received at the cellar door have become a focal point. The main research question investigated in the study is stated below. The study investigated the quality of the wine being offered, the way it is offered for sale within the cellar-door environment. Thus, what are the attributes of service quality as applied to Visit wineries What are the implications for marketing for studying repeat behaviour Issues such as what motivates repeat caravanning behaviours are addressed further. 2.1 Objectives and Purpose of Study According to the researchers, the study was conducted to identify the attributes of service quality as they apply to visits to wineries through a survey of visitors to wineries in Western Australia. Another objective was "to find out the emergence and significance of wine tourism as a new growth sector of truly global proportions. At the same time, the study further finds out the scope and characteristics of repeat behaviour. 2.2 Research Structure The research is divided in to four main areas. Section one introduces the research and the subject matter, highlighting the main themes and problem statement of the work. Section two reviewed previous literature on wine tourism emphasizing the importance. Focus is on the work of Johnson (1997). Section three provides the methods used to gather

Design And Fabrication Of A Hydraulic Ram Pump Engineering Essay

Design And Fabrication Of A Hydraulic Ram Pump Engineering Essay Abstract The Design and Fabrication of a Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram) is undertaken. It is meant to lift water from a depth of 5 feet below the surface with no other external energy source required. The overall cost of fabrication of this hydram shows that the pump is relatively cheaper than the existing pumps. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical Background: The first hydraulic ram pump was invented by John Whitehurst in England in 1772. This pump was non-self-acting. In 1796 a Frenchman, Joseph Michael Montgolfier, had added a valve, which made the device self-acting. In 1809, the first American patent was issued to J. Cerneau and S.S. Hallet .Prior to the 1840s most ram pumps in America were imported from Europe, but in 1843, H.H. Strawbridge of Louisiana put an American made model into use. Rural communities in America found the features of the pump very attractive. Articles in magazines brought further recognition and understanding of the ram and its possibilities. A detailed book on the ram, published in 1842, was in its 16th edition by 1870. In 1879, The Peoples Cyclopedia included the hydraulic ram among the 55 most important inventions in the history of mankind. It defined the hydraulic ram as: A simple and conveniently applied mechanism by which the weight of falling water can be made available for raising a portion of itself to a considerable height. Patents on the ram abounded in the 1840s and 1850s, but after 1858 none were secured until 1870 when another burst of interest saw four patents awarded in 3 years. Cost was a major factor in the growth of ram use. Not only were the machines inexpensive to buy, but they also were simple to install and were almost maintenance-free. For more than 100 years rams were major movers of water to homes, farms, industries, railroads and towns. They contributed to improved crop production, introduction of extensive landscaping and, perhaps most importantly, to health and sanitation. With the advent of electrical pumps, interest in the hydraulic rams became dormant. Ram pumps were allowed to rust in the stream until expensive parts, fossil fuel shortages, and environmental concerns brought back to the publics mind the need for a pump that is inexpensive, requires almost no repairs or maintenance is self-acting, and can raise water to a considerable height vertically. Ram pumps are again becoming increasing popular in both developing and developed countries. They are being operated successfully worldwide. 800px-Roscheiderhof-lambachpumpe Figure An early Hydraulic Ram Pump 1.2 Hydraulic Ram Pump: The hydram uses energy of falling water to lift water. There is no separate motor or mechanism that operates the pump. In real life application water is diverted from a water source and made to flow in a straight and sloping pipe, called the drive pipe. The falling action of water causes a gain in its kinetic energy. The gain in energy increases with increase in velocity of water. The hydram is located at the bottom of the drive pipe. The water flows through its main valve. When this valve closes water is brought to a sudden stop. The kinetic energy gained by water while falling down is converted to pressure energy. This is the energy which all pumps use to lift water. Some amount of the water is pushed into the delivery pipe due to this pressure and delivered where it required is. Essentially, a hydram is an automatic pumping device which utilizes a small fall of water to lift a fraction of the supply flow to a much greater height; ie it uses a larger flow of water falling through a small head to lift a small flow of water through a higher head. All hydrams need a large amount of falling water to provide the energy utilized by them. This is why they can only be used when the source is very large compared to the amount of water required to be pumped. Usually, 5 to 10% of the water from the drive pipe is pumped. The rest goes back to the main water source 1.3 Advantages and Application: The hydraulic ram pump can be used with great effectiveness in communities which are located at a higher elevation than their source of water. The hydram pump uses the power of falling water to pump a small portion of that water uphill. It requires absolutely no fuel or electricity and operate only water pressure. There are only two moving parts which are lubricated by the water itself thus making a hydram a very simple device. Hydrams can be used in many diverse situations for example for domestic purposes or irrigation The source of water supply to the hydram could be a stream, a spring, an irrigation canal, an artesian well, or even an existing gravity flow water system. In the mountainous topography, there are many places where, if a hydram were installed, much time spent hauling water could be used for other purposes. Formerly unproductive or unused land could be made suitable for cultivation and yields will be increased in existing fields. Wide scale usage can benefit many people. Because this simple pump works 24 hours per day, for many years and requires little attention, it is suitable for areas where people have little technical expertise. Because hydram installations are inexpensive and quickly installed, they are well suited for remote areas where there are extreme transportation difficulties, as well as for sparsely populated villages which often make gravity flow water supply system financially unfeasible. The ability to incorporate a hydram in an existing gravity flow water supply system has also proved very useful. 1.4 Limitations: The use of hydrams has certain constraints associated with it. These are: Hydrams can only be used in mountainous topography. Where there is enough elevation distance between the water source and the community to which water is to be supplied. Generally the place for pumps should not be more than 100 meters below the place where water must be delivered. In areas which are prone to inundation, the hydram should be located so that the waste valve (a component of the pump) is always located above flood water level, as the pump will cease to function if the waste valve becomes submerged. The hydrams pump only a small portion of the water which is supplied to them therefore the source supplying hydram with water should be much larger than the amount of water which is desired to be delivered. The water source should not be seasonal and be present year-round if continuous supply of water is desired. Although hydrams are a very cheap technology compared to the more common used electric pumps they can have a high capital cost in relation to other technologies. Hydrams are limited to small scale applications, usually up to 1kW. A willingness for system care and maintenance to be provided by the community that uses the water. Chapter 2 WORKING PRINCPLE 2.1 Water hammer. Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid (usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas) in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly. Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. If the pipe is suddenly closed at the outlet (downstream), the mass of water before the closure is still moving forward with some velocity, building up a high pressure. When a valve in a pipe is closed, the water downstream of the valve will attempt to continue flowing, creating a vacuum that may cause the pipe to collapse or implode. Here water hammer has a negative impact. Nevertheless, the same phenomenon is used to life water in a hydram There are two main Physics concepts. 2.2 Momentum and Impulse. When an object is moving at some velocity, v, it has a momentum equal to its mass times its velocity, m*v . In our system, when the waste valve closes, the velocity of the water goes quickly to zero. This change in velocity causes a change in momentum equal to m*Άv. If you divide the change in momentum, also known as impulse, by the amount of time that has elapsed during the change in momentum, you get: Impulse = m * Άv / Ά t Noting that force = m*a, impulse / time equals a force. This force is a constant that can be used to determine the amount of work that can be done on the system. 2.3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy. During any type of physical interaction, the energy of the system remains constant. The only type of energy that is applicable here is mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is defined as the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. To find the theoretical maximum height the pump can pump to, the final mechanical energy should be all potential energy and no kinetic energy. Therefore we take the equation 1/2 * m * v2 + m * g * hi = m * g * hf Water enters through the inlet pipe and exits through the waste valve. As it moves through the waste valve it builds up speed / momentum / kinetic energy. When the water gets going fast enough, it pushes the plunger on the waste valve closed. The moment the waste valve closes, the water creates an impulse and pushes up through the one way valve and out towards its destination. Once this built up pressure is released, the one way valve closes and the waste valve opens, starting a new cycle Chapter 3 OPERATION SEQUENCE OF HYDRAM The hydraulic ram pump operates in a cycle. The time each cycle takes to complete is very less, often one second. Each cycle of the pump can be divided in four phases. These are explained as follows 3.1 Acceleration: Water enters the hydram through the drive pipe and fills the pump body and starts flowing out of the waste or impulse valve. The water flowing past this valve tries to close it. The flow accelerates. During this time the delivery or check valve remains closed and no water is entering the delivery pipe. A Drive Pipe B Impulse Valve C Delivery Valve D Air Chamber E Delivery Pipe 1 Figure 3.1 Acceleration 3.2 Compression: The velocity and pressure of the column of water exiting from the impulse valve is overcome and the impulse valve closes. This creates a high pressure, compressing the water inside the pump body. This rise in pressure is called water hammer. The effect of water hammer is to open the check valve. A Drive Pipe B Impulse Valve C Delivery Valve D Air Chamber E Delivery Pipe 2 Figure 3.2 Compression 3.3 Delivery: The water starts flowing through the check valve in the air chamber. Air trapped in the air chamber is simultaneously compressed to a pressure exceeding the delivery pressure. Once the pressure in the air chamber exceeds the static delivery head due to reexpansion, water is forced up the delivery pipe. The pressure in the pump body drops quickly to equal the pressure in the air chamber thus closing the delivery valve. A Drive Pipe B Impulse Valve C Delivery Valve D Air Chamber E Delivery Pipe 3 Figure 3.3 Delivery 3.4 Recoil: After the delivery valve has closed, a shockwave is created and causes the water to flow back up the drive pipe. This results in a drop of pressure low enough for the impulse valve to open. Flow through drive pipe starts. The air volume in the air chamber stabilizes by this point and the flow from the delivery pipe stops. A Drive Pipe B Impulse Valve C Delivery Valve D Air Chamber E Delivery Pipe 4 Figure 3.4 Recoil Chapter 4 DESIGN 4.1 Designs Design 1 Hydraulic_Ram_Pump_p04a Figure 4.1 Design 01 They tend to be made from heavy castings and have been known to function reliably for 50 years or more. However, although a number of such design is still manufactured in Europe and the USA in small numbers, they are relatively expensive, although generally speaking the drive-pipe, delivery pipe and civil workings will be significantly more expensive than even the heaviest types of hydram. Design 2 Capture Figure 4.2 Design 02 This design is very low in cost but the pipes in the end cost considerably more than the hydram. They are not always as reliable as previous design, but are usually acceptably reliable with failures separated by many months rather than days, and are easy to repair when they fail. Table Comparison between Designs Features Design 1 Design 2 Fabrication Difficult Medium Weight Heavy Not too much heavy Reliability Yes To some extent Fabrication cost High Low Maintenance required Yes Yes Complexity High low Weighting matrix of designs Not Important Important Table Weighting matrix of Designs Features A B C D E F TOTAL WEIGHT A 1 1 1 0 1 4 0.21 B 1 0 1 1 1 4 0.21 C 0 0 1 1 0 2 0.1 D 1 1 1 0 1 4 0.21 E 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.06 F 1 1 1 1 0 4 0.21 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=19 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=1 A- Ease of Fabrication B- Weight C- Reliable D- Fabrication cost E- Maintenance required F- Complexity Rating matrix of Design 0 Does not meet requirement 1 Meets requirement partially 2 Fully meets requirement 3 Significantly above requirement Table Rating matrix of Designs Features Weighting Design Rating I II I II A 0.21 1 3 0.21 0.63 B 0.21 1 3 0.21 0.63 C 0.1 3 1 0.3 0.1 D 0.21 2 3 0.42 0.63 E 0.06 1 1 0.06 0.06 F 0.21 1 2 0.21 0.42 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=1.41 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=2.47 A- Ease of Fabrication B- Weight C- Reliable D- Fabrication cost E- Maintenance required F- Complexity Considering fabrication, weight, cost, complexity design 2 is selected. Design 2: Capture1 4.2 Parts of Hydram Tanks Pipes Impulse and delivery valve Air chamber pump throttling valve rubber washers Pipe Elbows Pipe collar 4.2.1Tanks We will be using three tanks Supply tank Waste water tank Delivered tank Supply tank: The water that to be elevated will be supplied from the supply tank.A pipe with a throttling valve will be connected with it.this tank will be 5 feet from ground and have capacity of 10 gallons. Waste water tank: The water that comes out from the impulsive valve will go to waste water tank. Delivered tank: This tank would be at the height of 10-12 feet. The water from the delivery tank will go to the delivered tank. 4.2.2 Pipes There are two pipes Drive pipe Delivery pipe Drive pipe: The water coming from the Supply tank will flow in drive pipe. The flow in this pipe can be controlled through a valve. Delivery Pipe: The water at the delivered tank will be delivered through delivery pipe. Table Price list of different material for pipes Materials Length (Feet) 2 in. Dia Cost (Rs) 3 in. Dia Cost (Rs) PVC 13 560 900 GI (M) 20 3060 4500 GI (L) 20 2600 3250 GI (EL) 20 2350 2900 CI 6 1100 1500 Weighting matrix of pipe 0- Not Important 1- Important Table Weighting matrix of Pipe Design feature A B C D E TOTAL WEIGHT A 0 1 0 1 2 0.15 B 1 1 1 1 4 0.30 C 1 0 1 1 3 0.23 D 1 0 1 1 3 0.23 E 0 0 1 0 1 0.07 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=13 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=1 Design Factors A Weight B Friction factor C Cost D Assembling E Resistance to corrosion According to matrix friction factor, cost, assembling are important factors. Rating matrix of pipes 0 Does not meet requirement 1 Meets requirement partially 2 Fully meets requirement 3 Significantly above requirement Table Rating matrix of Pipes Design Factors Weighting Concepts Rating I II III I II III A 0.15 3 2 2 0.45 0.3 0.3 B 0.30 3 3 0 0.9 0.9 0 C 0.23 3 2 2 0.69 0.46 0.46 D 0.23 1 3 2 0.23 0.69 0.46 E 0.07 3 3 1 0.21 0.21 .07 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=2.48 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=2.56 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ=1.29 Concepts I PVC II GI (Galvanized iron) III CI (cast iron) Design Factors A Weight B Friction factor C Cost D Assembling E Resistance to corrosion According to matrix we might use PVC or galvanized iron 4.2.3 Air chamber Air chamber is to turn the intermittent flow through the delivery valve into steady, continuous flow up the delivery pipe. the air chamber provide the pump with a constant head to pump against and removes the inefficiencies associated with intermittent flow in the delivery pipe .The size of the air chamber therefore should ensure the conditions in the air vessel are little affected by the sudden inflow of water each cycle coming through the delivery valve. The volume of the air in the air chamber therefore should be at least 20 and preferably nearer 50 times the expected delivery flow per cycle .An air chamber with a volume many times that of the water entering per cycle will experience little change in condition at each delivery. Pump running to low heads with large delivery flows therefore actually require air chamber than ones pumping smaller flows to high delivery head. 4.2.4 Pump A pump will be connected with waste tank that will pump the waste water and delivers it to the supply tank so that if the water level in supply tank gets low ,the waste water will be pumped to the supply tank. 4.2.5 Throttling valve A valve will be connected with drive pipe to control the flow of water. 4.2.6 Rubber washers When the valve will close, water should not leak out from it. In order to prevent leakage rubber washer will be used. 4.2.7 Pipe elbows collars To connect different pipes we will use pipe elbow. Mostly we will use 90o elbow. We will also use welding technology if required. Price list of different elbow of different materials Materials 2 inch 90o elbow 3 inch 45o elbow 2 inch 45o elbow 3 inch 45o elbow PVC Rs.50 Rs.50 Rs.110 Rs.110 GI (M) Rs.150 Rs.170 Rs.210 Rs.260 GI (L) Rs.140 Rs.160 Rs.170 Rs.210 GI (EL) Rs.120 Rs.150 Rs.165 Rs.190 CI Rs.295 Rs.295 Rs.330 Rs.350 Table List of different elbow of different materials 4.3 Estimated Cost Estimated cost of hydram from different materials MATERIALS ESTIMATED COST (Rs.) PVC 10000 15000 GI (M) 23000 26000 GI (L) 22000 24000 GI (EL) 18000 23000 CI 16000 20000 Table Estimated cost of Hydram from different materials List of Abbreviation A1 cross sectional area of supply pipe A2 cross sectional area of delivery pipe D1 diameter of supply pipe D2 diameter of delivery pipe D Diameter of waste water inlet d Diameter of waste water outlet Dv Diameter of valve poppet F force on waste valve poppet H supply head h delivered head L1 length of supply pipe L2 length of delivery pipe à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L Distance of waste valve poppet from the centerline of drive pipe mass flowrate in supply pipe mv mass of waste valve poppet P0 pressure on supply tank P1 pressure developed due to fall of water P2 pressure on waste valve poppet Q volume flowrate V velocity of water in supply pipe V1 velocity of water entering hydram V2 velocity of water leaving hydram power gained by falling water à Ã‚  density of water = 1000 kg/m3 g acceleration of free fall = 9.81 m/s2 ÃŽÂ ¼ viscosity of water = 1.12 x10-3 Ns/m2 ÃŽÂ ³ specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3 Abstract The Design and Fabrication of a Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram) is undertaken. It is meant to lift water from a depth of 5 feet below the surface with no other external energy source required. The overall cost of fabrication of this hydram shows that the pump is relatively cheaper than the existing pumps. Design Selection During the selection of deign for the hydram the following were considered Ease of Fabrication Weight Reliable Fabrication cost Maintenance required Complexity. The design was chosen giving priority to fabrication, weight, cost and complexity. The hydram will be fabricated from PVC. Chapter 5 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS Capture8 Figure 5.: 3D view of pump Capture9 Figure 5. : (a) Front view of pump Capture10 Figure 5.: Front View of Pump Capture1 Figure 5.: 3D view of waste valveCapture2 Figure .5 Front view of Waste valve Capture3 Figure 5. 3D view of Delivery Valve Capture5 Figure 5. Front view of Delivery Valve Capture6 Figure 5. 3D view of Air ChamberCapture7 Figure 5. Front View of Air Chamber Chapter 6 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND JOINING METHODS 6.1 PVC pipes and fittings The difference between Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC Pipe is the thickness of the pipe wall. Schedule 40 has a thinner wall than Schedule 80. This makes Schedule 80 PVC Pipes perfect for applications with very high water pressures. The outside diameter of the pipes is constant for different sizes and therefore they are interchangeable (provided that they meet the correct strength requirements). PVC Pipe Fittings differ similarly to PVC Pipe, except that they maintain the same inner diameter with the outer diameter differing based on the Schedule. This means that these are all interchangeable so long as they meet the requirements. Maximum Pressure Maximum operating and required minimum bursting pressures at 73oF (23oC) for PVC pipe fittings according ASTM D1785 Standard Specification for Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipes Schedules 40 and 80 are indicated in the diagram and table below: pvc pipes bursting and operating pressure limits diagram Figure 6.1 Graph for the Max. Pressure PVC Nominal Pipe Size (inches) Required Minimum Burst Pressure (psi) Maximum Operating Pressure (psi) Schedule 40[1] Schedule 80[2] Schedule 40 Schedule 80 1/2 1910 2720 358 509 3/4 1540 2200 289 413 1 1440 2020 270 378 1 1/4 1180 1660 221 312 1 1/2 1060 1510 198 282 2 890 1290 166 243 2 1/2 870 1360 182 255 3 840 1200 158 225 Table 6.: Table Pipe sizes and Max. Pressure 1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) Chemical Resistance: PVC pressure pipe and fittings are inert to attack by a wide variety of strong acids, alkalis, salt solutions, alcohols, and many other chemicals. They are dependable in corrosive applications and impart no tastes or odors to materials carried in them. They do not react with materials carried, nor act as a catalyst. Strength PVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings are highly tough and durable products that have high-tensile and high-impact strength. They withstand high pressure for long time. Fire Resistance PVC pressure pipe and fittings are self-extinguishing, and do not support combustion.. Internal Corrosion Resistance PVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings resist chemical attack by most acids, alkalis, salts, and organic media such as alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons, within certain limits of temperature and pressure. External Corrosion Resistance Industrial fumes, humidity, salt water, weather, atmospheric, or underground conditions regardless of soil type or moisture cannot harm PVC pressure pipe and fittings. Scratches or surface abrasions do not provide points which corrosive elements can attack. . Low Friction Loss The smooth interior surfaces of PVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings assure low friction loss and high flow rate. Because PVC pipe and fittings do not rust, pit, scale, or corrode, the high flow rate continues for the life of the piping system. Low Thermal Conductivity PVC pressure pipe and fittings have a much lower thermal conductivity factor than metal pipe. This ensures that fluids maintain a more constant temperature. In most cases, pipe insulation is not required. [3] . 6.2 Joining Methods There are several techniques for the joining the pipes and fittings. Solvent cement Threaded connections Solvent cement For joining solvent cement will be used. It is simple and reliable if procedures are followed correctly. Since variables of temperature, humidity, pipe size, time, and other conditions have a significant effect on solvent cement joints, it is important to understand the principles of each step and make adjustments for actual conditions. A wide variety of solvent cements and primers are commercially available. Selection of specific type, grade and consistency of solvent cement should take into account pipe type, size, installation conditions and chemical compatibility of cement and system fluids. For best results, installation should be made at temperatures between 10 °C and 45 °C.All joint components should be inspected for any breaking, chipping, gouging or other visible damage before Threaded Connections Threading reduces the effective wall thickness of pipe, pressure ratings of the pipe are reduced to one-half that of unthreaded pipe using solvent cement welded joints. By threading different parts specially the valves can be joined. Chapter 7 CALCULATIONS The calculations for the design parameter have been done after carrying out a market survey of the components and materials available. Our aim is to achieve a delivered head of 4 meters from a fall of maximum 1.5 meters from the supply tank. The height of the supply tank has been varied to see if the desired delivery head is achieved or not. The calculations are theoretical and the situation will be different practically. The calculations only give a rough estimate of the design parameters. Trial and error will be used to start the operation of the hydram. The pre defined parameters include Diameter of drive pipe = 1 inch = 0.0254 m Diameter of delivery pipe = 0.5 inch = 0.0127 m Distance of waste valve poppet from the centerline of drive pipe = 0.1 m Diameter of waste water inlet = 2.5 inch = 0.0635 m Diameter of waste water outlet = 1.35 inch = 0.0345 m Schematic of Hydraulic Ram Pump Setup h0Delivery Tank P0 (1) L Hf <

Sabiduría y enseñanza en la ciudad en crisis (Platón, Apología 18a7-20c3) :: Spanish Essays

"Sabidurà ­a" y "enseà ±anza" en la ciudad en crisis (Platà ³n, Apologà ­a 18a7-20c3) ABSTRACT: Con Platà ³n se produce el reconocimiento de la educacià ³n como el lugar en que una comunidad mantiene su peculiar instalacià ³n en la realidad y por ello como el terreno de la accià ³n politica eficaz. La problemà ¡tica, presente ya desde los textos socrà ¡ticos, es ubicada en el pasaje de la Apologia de Sà ³crates en que la mencià ³n de las ‘acusaciones antiguas’ permite ver el juego de distintos elementos-la paideà ­a, la opinià ³n pà ºblica, el saber-en un momento de crisis. Esta crisis, tanto de la base polà ­tica tradicional como de la polà ­tica pragmà ¡tica, se traduce en un oscurecimiento de que lo que son el hombre y la pà ³lis que da lugar a Sà ³crates y a su tarea como consciencia de la quiebra del mundo polà ­toco. Se desarrolla el alcance ontolà ³gico de ella y sus-paradà ³jicos-consecuencias polà ­ticas y educativas. Una usual caracterizacià ³n sociolà ³gica de la educacià ³n la define como los modos de reproduccià ³n de una sociedad. En el fondo, la educacià ³n està ¡ exigida por el hecho de que una comunidad determinada (asà ­ sean las grandes sociedades contemporà ¡neas) resulta el lugar primario del encuentro del hombre con la realidad, y esta apertura del mundo, por ser siempre concreta, es histà ³rica y finita, y por ello tiene que esforzarse permanentemente para mantenerse abierta, ya que en cualquier momento puede oscurecerse y quebrarse. La educacià ³n es parte decisiva de este esfuerzo. El nombre de Platà ³n parece ligado a una concepcià ³n que, lejos de encontrar un fundamento en la finitud, lo encuentra—si vale la palabra—en lo 'absoluto', dejando a lo finito en una regià ³n ontolà ³gicamente là ­mite. Y sin embargo esta comprensià ³n de la realidad—que el Platà ³n maduro traducirà ¡ en la doctrina de las Ideas—està ¡ ligada al intento de rescatar a su particular comunidad de un naufragio (rescate que Platà ³n cree todavà ­a desesperadamente posible, aunque en realidad ya era tarde). Ya los textos "socrà ¡ticos" (la Apologà ­a de Sà ³crates y el Crità ³n) marcan, en la compleja relacià ³n de Sà ³crates con su ciudad, el reconocimiento, a la vez, del carà ¡cter fundante de lo comunitario-polà ­tico y de la quiebra interna de ese fundamento; y es justamente esta quiebra la que permite reconocerlo como tal. Estos textos tambià ©n marcan el comienzo de la reflexià ³n platà ³nica sobre la educacià ³n, que el drama socrà ¡tico signa inicialmente de violencia. Sà ³crates es la và ­ctima ilustre de una realidad social fallida que se opone con toda su fuerza a quien seà ±ala esa quiebra de sus fundamentos y que aparece asà ­ como 'subversivo' mucho antes de cualquier propuesta de replantearlos o cambiarlos.

Cybercrime and its impact on International Business

Cyber crime can be referred to any illegal activity that is executed with the help of a computer. Such kinds of crimes have always been executed ever since the computer technology was introduced (Cross, F 2007). With the advent of Internet, these crimes have gained an even faster pace. These thefts are not limited to enclosed vicinity. Accessing to data of an organization while sitting in another part of the world through internet has now become extremely effortless. This has drastic affects on organizations.Stealing sensitive information such as data of the stock exchange, profits of a financial institution and even identities of individuals (Cross, F 2007) to access into their personal accounts are crimes that are increasing rapidly. This has led to many connotations for businesses worldwide; taking better security measures. Cyber crimes committed are unique in such a way that no physical existence of material or equipment is needed. Everything is done through the use of a computer (Nag, D & Bajaj, K 2005). This has made these crimes even more dangerous and difficult to control. Opportunities for cyber criminalsThe increasing globalization has led to the merger of activities all over the world. Banks, stock markets, multi nationals all have become connected with each other and technology has become the life and blood for all organizations. Used for various purposes such as enhanced communication mediums and information sharing, technological advancements have also made businesses worldwide more susceptible to frauds and misuse of information (Grabosky, P 2005). Amongst all technological developments of the 20th century the internet is a widely used instrument for information sharing all over the world.Between the year 2001 and 2002 there has been an increase of $6501 billion revenue being generated from business executed online (Grabosky, P2005). This means there are greater chances for individuals to commit cyber crimes that are both dangerous and risky to t he business and also illegal in nature (ibid). Businesses worldwide make use of electronic communication means particularly those in the Western World and hence computer and cyber crimes have exploded after the 1990’s (Chamely, H 2003).The use of internet has fuelled the globalization process and hence the world has become smaller. People across the globe can now connect to each other easily though electronic means. However this advantage also carries perils to security. Issues such as fraud over the internet and piracy have been facilitated with the internet development (ibid). Multinationals have offices all over the world that are connected providing cyber criminals with the opportunity to act. It could be someone from within the employees or even a third party criminal.With the pace of technological development, e-commerce has come into existence and businesses are shifting not only their single operations online but transferring their complete business processes online ( Edin, M 2002). Bank for instances have started to offer international fund transfers from branches in two different parts of the worlds through internet which provides criminal opportunity for fund embezzlement which could mean loss of huge amounts of money for the banks. Online businesses such as Amazon. com deal in online shopping and purchasing of goods without dealing in any brick and mortar business.All such organizations function globally and hence are at a greater chance of cyber fraud then a business that only has one office in a single country and hence a smaller network and system. Impact of cyber crimes on business activities All businesses internationally have started to rely on electronic means of doing work and hence dependence on internet and technological sources has gained immense importance. Break down or illegal access to business information system and data base can have severe repercussions:†¢ Hindrance in day to day operations of a business like communicat ion with employees across the borders. Some companies function internationally with employees connected through means of video conferencing or emails etc (Grabosky, P 2005). †¢ A complete shutdown of business for instance organizations such as Wal-Mart function on a real time inventory management system and illegal access gained by a competitor means sharing of sensitive inventory data and customer preferences. †¢ E commerce business entails developing of relation online with suppliers as well.This affect is multiplied when cyber crimes not only gives access to financial data of the targeted organization but even its suppliers who may be functioning in another part of the world (Grabosky, P 2005). †¢ Another great loss that the company might face is the declining confidence level of customers. Consumer have less trust in the business functions especially online retailing like online shopping, purchases and electronic banking. And with the increasing rate of such crime s companies might lose on their customers.Thus companies must ensure that they do not loose on any important customers due lack of trust in the company’s system (Smith, A 2004). †¢ Economic losses to business resultant of frauds have also increased. These are measured in terms of declining profits or fraudulent transactions. An example could be the Russian TOC efforts to steal $10 million dollars from Citi Bank in the USA through forty unlawful fund usage (Jones, DM 2004). Another institution which has had to face the impact of cyber crimes in terms of economic losses is the stock market where traders trade online.Company information (functioning in L. A. ) available to individuals has been misused where wrong information was posted onto the internet leading to stock price increase and hence investors all over the world were affected (ibid). Types of cyber crimes and their impacts According to David Carter’s research (Grabosky, P 2005), there are three acts which can be labeled as cyber crime; entering into some one’s computer through illegal means and mishandling or damaging data, doing something illegal through means of the net or computer like piracy and thirdly, usage of computers to store some illegal information.Cyber crimes that generally take place within an organization take place through emails, viruses transferred through email or through software being used by the company, access to company database for employee or customer information (Nag, D & Bajaj, K 2005). Further detailed classifications of cyber crimes and how they affect organizations is explained below: Fraud in telecom services: Such a crime is committed by gaining access to the organizations switchboard and making use of call time.Not only does this cause the organization to be expensed with the bill worth the talk time used, is also a hassle for the individual subscribers using that particular service for instance an engineer in India was caught thieving hundre d Internet hours from a particular customer (Grabosky, P 2005). Criminals of such sort also gain access to calling card data for customers and hence they can make their calls on the expense of the customers who then have to pay larger bills and in return blame the company for poor device (ibid).Hacking into computers to gain access to data: Hacking into company data which is password protected is another form of cyber crime that is very common. This has caused the most extensive damage to organizations especially organizations which mostly deal in financial data example banks. For instance, the accountant of a bank who is computer literate can gain access to finances of the bank and transfer funds in his name causing economic losses to the his organization (Cross, F 2007)Cyber Terrorists: There work is very much similar to the terrorists that are a threat to national and international security of an individual nation and global relations. Cyber terrorists pose a threat to the nation al security of organizations by accessing into the central processing system (Cross, F 2007). This is particularly useful for business competitors to gain access to their competitors’ financial or future plans and monitor their activities to gain competitive edge (ibid).Piracy issues and counterfeiting: Reproducing products or services of various businesses without legal rights is another classic case of cyber crime. This is most extensively found in the media industry where movies are pirated without any legal rights and sold at even lower prices This has served as a problem for media producers example the movie â€Å"The world is not enough† starring James Bond was distributed over the internet even before it was available for public by the officials (Grabosky, P 2005). Implications for businesses: what businesses need to do?Cyber crime activities have caused losses of millions of dollars for companies however many companies do not prefer to report such incidents due to protection of their reputation and hence the data on cyber crimes is still incomplete (Grabosky, P 2005). The massive exploitation of these crimes has led businesses to take action. Global organization are making use of further technology to strengthen their systems of information sharing such as their data bases which contains customer information and financial data.Focus is now on IT itself to develop such products, services and solutions that do not promote the risk of cyber thefts and frauds (Edin, M 2002) Along with the governments of various nations coupled with investments from individual organizations in the corporate world, efforts are being made create more secure systems that could prevent cyber crimes (ibid). Venture in IT infrastructure and security According to a report of the Internet association Industry in Australia, on an average thirty five different cyber crime attempts are made on an individual organization’s system (Grabosky, P 2005).One of the great est actions that companies have now started to take is focus on their IT teams in order to build a strong and secure network and data base. This team must not only focus on building an internal secure system but also focus on cross border security as most businesses now function globally (ibid). Investing money in infrastructure and training related to IT development against cybercrime protection is becoming a necessity for all organizations and this investment is no longer considered to be an expense (Edin, M 2002).Such work was once and still is considered by some organizations as a function of purely IT engineers however this is not the case. As discussed how threatening the consequences of cyber frauds can be for any business, whether functioning online in a physical environment, it is important that a collaborative effort of all members of the organization is made to avoid these risks (Edin, M 2002).With this, development of a new concept has emerged; â€Å"cyber space securit y† (Smith, A 2004) which focuses on protecting not only business systems but also consumer information. Access to consumer information like their pin number and account information in a bank means risk of losing their money if their personal information is lost. Assessing financial impact of cyber frauds Another important analysis being conducted by companies across the world is the cost of security frauds being carried out within their organizations (Cashell, B et.Al. 2004). Such an analysis provides the companies with the facts of how risky such crime attacks can be for them in terms of risks of information sharing with competitors, risk of alteration of consumer perceptions (Smith, A 2004) and risk of economic losses (Miller, R 2007) being incurred by the firm I case of the system being damaged and information extracted. The fact that these frauds and thefts have led to losses in monetary terms has generated the focus of the organizations in this regard.According to survey conducted by a computer science institute, there has been an increase in financial losses reported by organizations due to cyber fraud in US in the past three consecutive years. Every year the percentage increase in frauds rises. According to that survey, corporations are not able to comprehend the danger that such frauds expose the organizations to and hence they misjudge the consequences (â€Å"Cyber crime bleeds US corporations: Financial losses from attacks climb for three years in a row† as reported in Koletar, J 2003).The increase in such acts has not only forced businesses but also government of individual nations to act to promote business especially that of e-commerce. The IT Act introduced in India in the year 2000, also incorporated certain activities related to cyber crime in e-commerce business and activities such as hacking into computer systems, affecting privacy of consumer information and disrupting computer system encryptions and codes (Nag, D & Bajaj, K 200 5). The basic reason was to instill trust amongst customers of e-commerce.The use of Internet is a two way tunnel for organizations. They must it to enhance relations with business partners, suppliers and customers. At the same time, it has given a chance to hackers for committing crimes of mass scale that require the attention of policymakers in the organization and individual employees too (Salifu, A 2008). Thus internet frauds have become a problem not only for the developing nations who face a shortage of technological skills but en the developed world (ibid). ConclusionSumming up the former discussion leads us to a conclusion that cyber frauds and risks have increased with the level of globalization and thus pose major threats to international business in the form of information loss, access of grave information by the wrong hands, threats to intellectual property right and to business operations, financial losses and wrong information being leaked out regarding a certain compa ny (Edin, M 2002). With the development of global business, more data is transferred and shared online through electronic means and hence cyber fraud has been motivated to a dangerous level.The threat of such risks has lead businesses and even governments to develop solutions ensuring that customer and company information I not leaked out and does not reach the wrong hands. Companies are focusing on developing risk management solutions and are â€Å"digitizing† (Edin, M, 2002, p. 17) their systems introducing stronger security checks and encryptions to protect the company against cyber frauds. Bibliography Cashell, B, Jackson, WD & Jickling, M, Webel, B 2004, Economic Impact of Cyber attacks, Congressional Research Service, Retrieved from scholar.google. com, Retrieved on 8th April 2010 Chamely, H 2003, Cybercrime and Society, Geo-Sciences, Environment and Man, Retrieved from books. google. com, Retrieved on 8th April 2010 Cross, F & Miller, R 2007, West’s legal enviro nment of business, 6th edition, Cengage Learning, Thomson West, USA Edin, M, Smith, B & Chiozza, E 2002, Challenges and Achievements in E-business and E-work, IOS Press, Netherlands Gobrasky, P & Broadhurst, R 2005 (eds), Cyber Crime: The challenge in Asia, Hong Kong University Press Jones, DM 2004 (ed.), Globalization and the new terror, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK Koletar, J 2003, Fraud exposed, John Wiley and Sons Inc , New Jersey. Miller, R and Jentz, G 2007, Fundamentals of business law, 2nd edition, South Western Cengage Learning, USA Nag, D & Kamlesh, B 2005, E-commerce, the cutting edge of business, Tata McGraw Hill, India Salifu, A, 2008, The impact of internet crime on development, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 432-443. Smith, A 2004, Cybercriminal impacts on online business and consumer confidence, Online Information Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 224-234.

Free Essays on Women Stive For Higher Education In The Late 19th Century

Women Strive for Higher Education in the late 19th Century During the late nineteenth century the women’s labor force was increasing steadily in manufacturing occupations. This increase wasn’t due to an increasing degree of women’s knowledge, it was due to the â€Å"seek for excitement and independence or, more likely, to contribute to their families’ subsistence and their own self support, cultural and economic changes combined to create a new stage in the female life cycle† (Evans 133). Although this new stage of women’s work seemed like a great advantage, women still weren’t able to expand their mental abilities. Magazines such as Good Housekeeping tried to promote the perfection of women’s household and nurturing skills. Women who possessed such skills were considered educated and favorable. This was a huge contradiction because if women were to become experts in their arena, they would need more education than a women’s magazine could provide (Evans 139). This contradiction expanded on the thought of higher education for women. Since the 1860’s colleges and universities, such as Smith College, were coeducational. The founder of Smith College, Sophia Smith, once said â€Å"It is not my design to render my sex any the less feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness and honor, now withheld from them.† (Evans 139). In these learning facilities women were able to emphasize their mental capacities and their solidarity as women. Scientist continued to claim that women’s brains weren’t able to withstand the rigors of higher education and their childbearing capacities would be harmed by thinking too much (Scott 356). Vassar College offered young women a liberal arts education equal to that of the best men's colleges at the time. Most colleges and universities didn’t accept the enrollment of women. Others admitted women but refused ... Free Essays on Women Stive For Higher Education In The Late 19th Century Free Essays on Women Stive For Higher Education In The Late 19th Century Women Strive for Higher Education in the late 19th Century During the late nineteenth century the women’s labor force was increasing steadily in manufacturing occupations. This increase wasn’t due to an increasing degree of women’s knowledge, it was due to the â€Å"seek for excitement and independence or, more likely, to contribute to their families’ subsistence and their own self support, cultural and economic changes combined to create a new stage in the female life cycle† (Evans 133). Although this new stage of women’s work seemed like a great advantage, women still weren’t able to expand their mental abilities. Magazines such as Good Housekeeping tried to promote the perfection of women’s household and nurturing skills. Women who possessed such skills were considered educated and favorable. This was a huge contradiction because if women were to become experts in their arena, they would need more education than a women’s magazine could provide (Evans 139). This contradiction expanded on the thought of higher education for women. Since the 1860’s colleges and universities, such as Smith College, were coeducational. The founder of Smith College, Sophia Smith, once said â€Å"It is not my design to render my sex any the less feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness and honor, now withheld from them.† (Evans 139). In these learning facilities women were able to emphasize their mental capacities and their solidarity as women. Scientist continued to claim that women’s brains weren’t able to withstand the rigors of higher education and their childbearing capacities would be harmed by thinking too much (Scott 356). Vassar College offered young women a liberal arts education equal to that of the best men's colleges at the time. Most colleges and universities didn’t accept the enrollment of women. Others admitted women but refused ...

The Gods Must be Crazy essays

The Gods Must be Crazy essays As the Bushmen are portrayed in the film, they are a simple and quite non-materialistic culture that lives off the land, gathering plants and hunting for their food and the survival of the entire tribe. They enjoy each other, and do not feel any need for outside intervention or modernity. When the Coke bottle drops into the tribe's midst, it creates divisions that were never there before. It illustrates how just the slightest intervention by the white man can change the ways of a culture forever. As Xi travels with the "evil thing" to the end of the world, he encounters "civilization," but it does not seem very civilized to him. He is accused of stealing a goat, and has many other misadventures before he makes it The film is a sociological study in a variety of ways, from how tools changed the lives of the hunter/gatherers forever, to the roles and values of men and women in a non-structured society. Before the Coke bottle drops from the sky, the people share their tasks equally, but after the Coke bottle is used as a tool, one person has the advantage over the others, and so the others covet the tool that was never necessary before. Suddenly, the values and mores of the women have changed. They no longer work happily together, because they are angry and jealous that only one woman commands the tool. This illustrates an important concept in society, that those with the "most tools" are the most powerful, and the most competitive. As the Bushmen compete to use the Coke bottle for various tasks, they build walls between themselves, and their society begins to change. Before the bottle, they lived simply, and continued the folkways and values of their ancestors, that had been handed down for centuries. They did not change because they did not have to, and their lifestyle worked perfectly for them. The Coke bottle created a counter-culture that ...

Occupational safety and health - legal aspect Assignment

Occupational safety and health - legal aspect - Assignment Example The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is federal law enacted in 1976 and it gives the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) the powers to control solid wastes considered hazardous. The controlling authority over hazardous waste ranges from generation, treatment, transportation, storage to disposal. RCRA does not only involve management of hazardous waste but also nonhazardous solid waste (http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/resource_conservation_and_recovery_act_rcra). Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) is a federal law enacted in 1980 to assist in controlling releases of specific hazardous wastes. CERCLA is also known as the Superfund. This law empowers the EPA to respond to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may pose a danger on the environment, welfare and public health. CERCLA also empowers the EPA to compel parties responsible for contaminating the environment to remove the hazardous substance, or reimbur se CERCLA for response and or EPA’s remediation expenditure (http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/lcla.html). The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a Federal law whose objective is control pesticide distribution, sale and usage. The law requires that all pesticides used in the United States to be registered (Licensed) by EPA (http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/lfra.html). S. 1166 Protecting America’s Workers Act-Amends the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA-1970) to expand its coverage to federal, state, and local government employees (â€Å"S. 1166—112th †, 2011). The Act gives the Secretary of Labour under specified conditions to cede OSHA-1970 power to another federal agency in accordance with certain occupational standards for such agency’s employees. The Act also increases protection for

Transformation of work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transformation of work - Assignment Example Focus groups in both hotels were interviewed and, using the results of the survey, for each hotel there was made a conclusion concerning soft skill environment. Notwithstanding the awaited expectations, the results appeared to be completely different. All in all, the authors of the article agree that the traditional conception of â€Å"skill† has somehow changed and it is now associated not only with technical knowledge, but also with interpersonal communication abilities. They have brought a new notion and â€Å"strengthened the conceptual understanding of soft skills† (2013: 176) by showing how these skills perform in two cases. This is a considerable contribution to traditional sociology, service economy and even trade industry. The issue of skill nature is the subject of ongoing discussions in sociology of work in particular. This phenomenon was investigated and studied by a number of scientists. Traditional notion of skill was with the course of time complemented with additional shades, thus social or soft skills become recognized (Grugulis et al., 2004). They are treated in different ways. For instance, Bolton (2004) argues that emotion work can be skilled. According to her, soft skilled workers have enough scope for discretion and are able to deal with a variety of tasks. However, there is another point of view. Lloyd and Payne (2009) consider the idea of promoting soft skills inadequate and even dangerous. They argue that it is impossible to train the skills of social interaction, so soft skills cannot be regarded equal to technical ones. It is worthy of note that both aforementioned approaches have their drawbacks. The first, positive view has its exceptions. Being emotional or communicative is not enough for a work to be regarded as skilled. And on the other hand, the negative approach has its weak point. Technical skills which imply specific knowledge are simply